If the BDI-II measure fails to operate in the same manner across groups (i.e. It has been claimed that the factor structure of BDI-II scores differ among various clinical populations. A three-factor model consisting of a cognitive, affective and somatic factor seems to usually give the best fit, ,, but there are exceptions. Studies have investigated the factor structure of the BDI-II. However, research on the BDI-II and other self-report instruments in patients with comorbid depression and substance use disorders is scarce. Self-report instruments, such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), are often used in clinical practice and research. Among medical inpatients, more severe depressive symptoms are associated with unhealthy drinking. Patients with comorbid major depression and substance abuse tend to be more severely depressed than those without the combined condition. The co-occurrence of mood symptoms and the abuse of alcohol and other drugs is common. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The research was funded by the Regional Competence Centre for Double Diagnoses, South Eastern Norway, and the research fund in the Community Mental Health Center, Vinderen, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo. Received: AugAccepted: JanuPublished: February 12, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Skule et al.

PLoS ONE 9(2):Įditor: Brett Thombs, McGill University, Canada (2014) Depressive Symptoms in People with and without Alcohol Abuse: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) Across Groups. It is argued that patients with comorbid depression and alcohol abuse should be offered parallel and adequate treatment for both conditions.Ĭitation: Skule C, Ulleberg P, Dallavara Lending H, Berge T, Egeland J, Brennen T, et al. The magnitude of the differences in latent mean scores suggested a moderate difference in the level of depressive symptoms between the two groups. MIMIC (multiple-indicator-multiple-cause) modeling showed that the level of depressive symptoms was found to be highest on both factors in the group with comorbid alcohol problems. Evidence for strict measurement invariance across the two groups for the SA-C model was found.

The SA-C model was preferred due to its more parsimonious nature. In a sample of 358 patients without alcohol problems and 167 patients with comorbid alcohol problems, confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the same factor structures, Beck et al.'s two-factor Somatic Affective-Cognitive (SA-C) model, and Buckley et al.'s three-factor Cognitive-Affective- Somatic (C-A-S) model, demonstrated the best fit to the data in both groups.

This study explored differences in the factor structure of depressive symptoms in patients with and without alcohol abuse, and differences in the severity of depressive symptoms between the two groups.

Beck depression inventory pdf